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Compost Engineers and Sus Saberes Lentos: A Manifest for Regenerative Technologies

(This article is a reduced version summarizing they insights of the publication: Varon, Joana; Egaña Rojas, Lucía: Compost engineers and sus saberes lentos: a manifest for regenerative technologies. Coding Rights, Rio de Janeiro, 2024. Available at: codingrights.org/docs/compost_engineers. It was originally produced as a contribution to the Feminist AI Research Network (FAIR), with support from the Latin American Hub of that network.)


The concept “artificial intelligence” is a loaded term, sparking a very particular imaginary of possible futures: Silicon Valley and Hollywood’s fast and metallic futures, incompatible with values, desires, and dreams of decolonial, antiracist, and transfeminist visions of being on this planet. What imaginaries does this terminology evoke? What are the limitations of applying the term AI to feminist technological practices? What are the alternative epistemologies and practices that could help us develop decolonial feminist regenerative tech?

This article summarizes a broader manifesto/research piece developed by the authors in the context of the Feminist AI Research Network, to propose an epistemological, historical, political, and creative exercise to envision technological development guided by social-environmental justice and feminist principles, resulting in technologies of life and del buen vivir.

To achieve this goal, we have journeyed through the history of Western science fiction to untangle the colonial and patriarchal imaginaries that still guide mainstream technological development.(1) Given this diagnosis, we propose an exercise to decolonize our tech imaginaries by drawing from feminist theories, biology, and ecology studies, particularly mycology, soil studies, and symbiotic approaches to evolution. Employing radical imagination and speculative narratives, we propose a figuration: the compost engineers, to inspire technological development that can be regenerative and exist in symbiosis with Earth, all its beings, temporalities, and rhythms. We seek technologies of life, standing in opposition to current technologies of war, extraction, and domination.

Compost Engineers: An Alternative Figuration

Many intelligences that emerge from deeper senses are being erased when the logic of problem-oriented mathematical thinking is mainstreamed as intelligence. Many kinds of intelligence are not included in the biased concept of “Artificial Intelligence”. This model of intelligence makes invisible a series of proposals, materialities, and methodologies that do not respond to its value system. The Western episteme constructs reality through hierarchical binarisms presented as universal, perpetuating colonial logic and ideas of purity that exclude mixture or “contamination”. Many Latin American feminists have contributed to exploring the nuances and intersections of things and beings which are neither pure nor clean (Gloria Anzaldúa (2), Ochy Curiel (3), Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui (4)). Inspired by them, our proposal here is to explore the compost engineers as an alternative figuration to reposition other kinds of intelligences at the center of our technological development. We are also inspired by the speculative narrative The Camille stories: children of compost, by Donna Haraway. The story tells us about “communities of compost” and how theirpractices grew from the sense that healing and ongoingness in ruined places require making kin in innovative ways.” (5)

The compost originated from waste to create life. The work of the compost engineers is to take to the garbage all these western-centered patriarchal imaginaries and practices that are leading AI development and let it compost. We will nourish it by feminist values and views as a constitutive outside to grow a space for technologies that – instead of generating more and more content, trash, extraction, and oppression – focus on regenerating what we once had.

The Constitutive Exterior of AI: Composing Western and human-centered notions of intelligence

Why does the prevailing notion of intelligence correspond exclusively to the human (and its possible replicas)? Can we reposition as intelligent the ingeniousness focused on regenerating instead of controlling humans and the other beings?

To determine which values, ethics, ways of doing, and policies remain outside the notions contemplated by the contemporary idea of AI, we have been developing this chart. It helps us visualize answers to the question: What is left out when we use the term Artificial Intelligence?

A conceptual diagram showing what falls inside and outside the definition of Artificial Intelligence. Inside: mathematics, objectivity, computation, big data, surveillance/control, automation, efficiency, speed; Outside: natural ingeniousness, emotions, spirituality, subjectivity, intuition, and more;
Constitutive exterior of AI: a diagram developed for “The Compost Engineers y sus saberes lentos” by the authors Lucia Egaña and Joana Varon, designed by Constanza Figueroa with inputs from interviews and other conversations.

We can see that a lot of values, principles, and world views that are important to feminists and decolonial theories are left outside the mainstream notion of AI. On the inside, ideas that constitute AI: the universalisation of a cisheteronormative white patriarchal vision, objective rationality, human-centered world view, as if we were detached from the environment, a notion of progress guided by the machinic vision of the future, fastness, speed, efficiency, competitiveness… values that drain the planet. Left out are values that are important for a decolonial, feminist, anti-racist, ecological perspective, such as complexity, subjectivity, spirituality, diversity, regeneration, inter-relationality, and co-operation. Can we think about technologies from the outside?

Can we reverse the logics and imaginaries that have permeated conceptions of technology for centuries up to today?

Can we contribute, as humans, to the collective processes in which living and non-living entities participate in non-destructive ways? Technologies that are situated, instead of universalizing, that are non-human centric and, as such, are connected with other rhythms? Slower than the sickening pace of capitalism requires? 

The answer to this question has the potential to reverse all the power dynamics established among humans since colonization and the industrial revolution that we are bringing into technological design. It repositions intelligences and practices historically depreciated by the dominant Western patriarchal capitalist worldview, revealing re-emerging epistemologies in this ecosocial crisis. It gives back the power to those who, despite centuries of oppression, have preserved ancestral and traditional knowledge.

Intelligence as a multispecies contamination

Intelligence, although difficult to define, is relational and is activated and mobilized in the face of stimuli and interactions. Urban Western life increasingly reduces our senses while overstimulating rapid visualities and hormone production to keep us as cogs in a controlled, clean, predictable lab-like environment. If intelligence is a relational element, and therefore a dynamic one, why not consider that intelligence expands as we interact with other beings, living and nonliving, in their most varied and multiple forms? Why not consider as highly intelligent all those systems that coexist in multiplicity and unpredictability, sometimes with elements that are even imperceptible to our eyes?

It is equally important not to “humanize” the other species or entities, not to expect translations into our language or our models of learning, knowledge and/or intelligence. Even so, from our human, low, and partial understanding of the world, many species have demonstrated high degrees of intelligence. Examples include spiders’ webs, earthquake-predicting animals, mycorrhiza, and trees demonstrating forest intelligence, which is symbiotic and regenerative, unlike the human-centered Western Cartesian proposition.

Intelligence is condensed in the collaboration between different species. It is in these interactions with the improbable, the unknown, and the different that unsuspected intelligences appear.

Perhaps this is precisely the exercise we must embrace—especially those of us who are urban, digitally dependent, and participating in a culture whose hegemonic technologies have systematically erased ancestral ways of knowing. Reconnect with other environments, beings, entities, processes, and systems that can make us part of a circuit of multiple intelligences, beyond humans. After all, we must take responsibility for our lifestyle’s consequences, seeking territorial, technological, and spiritual reparation.

Saberes lentos

In this sense, the proposal is that we become and listen to the “compost engineers”. We consider compost, the interactions between living and non-living beings as part of a choreography of the ecosystem. All this is taking place in plural, diverse ways, and “intelligent” (or wise), though absent from current AI. As ecofeminist Vandana Shiva argues, soil can be a place of repair. An example is the fact that metal contamination can be remediated mycologically, as copper, zinc, iron, and other heavy metal waste can be attracted by biosorbents developed from mushroom mycelium or mushroom compost. 

In the book The Mushroom at the End of the World, anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the matsutake mushroom, which grows in the ruins of capitalism. Tsing invites us to other ways of seeing, beyond the anthropocentric perspective. A call for observations capable of noticing the “multiple temporalities and unstable assemblages between humans and non-humans.” (6)

Our compost engineers move between the living and the dead, between the “healthy” and the rotten, between the various intelligences in the soil.

As indicated by Chilean biotechnologist Daniela Torres, director of the Chile office of the Fungi Foundation, whom we interviewed for the manifesto, there is intelligence in soil and microorganisms that inhabit it. We should focus on the smaller processes, but depart from a non-romantic view of symbiosis, as Daniela also highlighted, competition and collaboration happen simultaneously in nature—different life strategies overlap in ways that challenge anthropocentric views.

We want to reclaim these wise and complex processes, technologies of life, that the figuration of the compost engineers offers us to inspire slow systems preserving life and reducing damage. Healing, restoration, and repair are what researcher Bárbara Santos considers as different kinds of technologies in her book “Curación como tecnología”, which features interviews with “sabedores da Amazonia“. “In the city people go very fast, technology overthere is part of people’s lives, Western technology dominates people and does not allow everyone to know their own life, the relationship with other people and nature”(7), said Jesús León Muipu from tatuyo people, inviting us to align with slow knowledge temporalities that we propose to cultivate with compost engineers.

Prototype Proposal: Compost Engineers’ Regenerative Systems

The Compost Engineers’ Regenerative Systems is a figuration, but also a technology that enables the creation of models and tools with pedagogical, restorative, and regenerative purposes. It departs from the observation of intelligences that compose a wild rustic garden, as it serves to understand relations that have been forgotten in the development of conventional digital technologies. In that garden, we are the engineers, just as the soil, fungi and mycelium, bacteria, microorganisms, insects, plants, and other beings that will be interacting in that piece of land, in symbiosis. 

The Compost Engineers and their slow knowledge seek to imagine technologies that operate and perpetuate notions of responsible consumption, beyond the circular economy and minimum waste, while recalling ancient knowledge and technologies. As a first step, we propose a rustic wild garden as the space of action to develop the compost engineers’ regenerative systems with the following framework, infrastructure, and training models: Design Framework: We merge Design Justice Principles, Permaculture Principles, and Fungi Foundation Principles to create a substantial framework for the Compost Engineers to build and observe their regenerative systems.

Infrastructure:

The wild rustic garden serves as the main infrastructure and platform, including compost of organic waste, fungi kingdom, water storage systems, irrigation and water reuse, diverse plant species, vegetable gardens, solar energy, and low-fi labs with microscopes, sensors, cameras, and microcontrollers.

Models to train the Compost Engineers Regenerative systems:

It is not by chance that a series of ancestral techniques and technologies have been dismissed as useless, unsophisticated, or primitive. Our prototype proposal aims to reclaim not only the sophistication of these technologies, but also highlights the fact that these are technologies that, from the start, are friendly to the environment and other ways of living. These ancestral technologies do not have to be sought in an archaeology museum, as they are still present in our lives and we often know them, thanks to the knowledge that is transmitted many times in a non-institutional way, in domestic or community environments. They are also low environmental impact technologies that often have restorative effects.

A two-panel diagram. On the left, it shows 'Design Justice Network Principles', 'Permaculture Design Principles', and 'Fungi Foundation Principles’. On the right, it shows the models to train the Compost Engineers' Regenerative Systems, for example through cooking, body & health, astronomy or textile.
Design framework of Compost Engineers’ Regenerative Systems developed for “The Compost Engineers y sus saberes lentos” by the authors Lucia Egaña and Joana Varon, designed by Constanza Figueroa

Therefore, the model for the Compost Engineers’ Regenerative Systems will depart from some of these ancient technologies that will be implemented concerning the rustic garden,  recovered as central to the development of technologies of life, technologies that work towards the collective. They will serve as the model to train the regenerative systems we want to develop.

Instead of artificial, we propose natural, organic, multiple, chaotic; instead of a rational data-led intelligence, we propose a reconnection with the uncontrolled saberes de la tierra (earth and soil wisdom) and with all the senses. We propose a reconnection with technologies of life, technologies del buen vivir. It is an ecosystem that is simple and complex at the same time, that functions in an absolutely intelligent way, but whose intelligence is neither artificial nor patriarchal nor human-centric. Ultimately, the Compost Engineers want to open space to imagine…

Footnotes

  1. If the reader wants to learn more about histories of Western science fiction that have shaped mainstream understanding of technology, we suggest you to read the complete manifesto.
  2. Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera. The New Mestiza, San Francisco: aunt lute books, 1987.
  3. Ochy Curiel, “Crítica pós-colonial a partir das práticas políticas do feminismo antirracista,” trad. por Lídia Maria de Abreu Generoso, RTH. Revista de Teoria da História. Universidade Federal de Goiás 22, no. 2 (2019): 231-245.
  4. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, Ch’ixinakax utxiwa. Una reflexión sobre prácticas y discursos descolonizadores, Buenos Aires: Tinta Limón, 2010.
  5. Donna J. Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016: 138.
  6. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. O Cogumelo no Fim do Mundo: Sobre a Possibilidade de Vidas nas Ruínas do Capitalismo. São Paulo: n-1 edições, 2019: 63
  7. Original quote: “En la ciudad la gente va muy rápido, la tecnología de allá es parte de la vida de la gente, la tecnología occidental domina a las personas y no permite que cada uno conozca su propia vida, la relación con otras personas y la naturaleza”. Ibid: 34.

Joana Varon is Founder, Co-Executive Directress, and Creative Chaos Catalyst at Coding Rights, a feminist organization that contributes to the debates about the development, implementation, and regulation of technologies from a collective, transfeminist, decolonial, and antiracist perspective of human rights. Former Technology and Human Rights Fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy from Harvard Kennedy School, with Master’s in Law and Development, she is currently a PhD candidate in Design and Anthropology at the School of Industrial Design from Rio de Janeiro State University (Esdi-UERJ), researching how to decolonize tech imaginaries. Alumni of the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University and Former Mozilla Media Fellow, she is co-creator of several creative projects operating in the interplay between rights, arts, and technologies, such as: Una Bolsa de Semillas: ciencia ficción en Abya Yala, transfeministech.org, museamami.org, chupadados.com, #safersisters, Net of Rights, protestos.org, freenetfilm.org, among others.

Lucía Egaña Rojas holds a Ph.D. in Audiovisual Communication and has also studied Art, Aesthetics, and Creative Documentary. As an artist, she works on projects that problematize the construction of social imaginaries and the sources of hegemonic knowledge. Her interests span feminism, methodologies, technology, North-South power relations, colonial and migratory processes, and extractivism. Her projects materialize in artistic production, writing, research, and pedagogy. She has been a teacher and member of the academic direction of the Independent Studies Program (PEI) of the Museum of Contemporary Art of Barcelona (MACBA); a member of the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Universidad de Barcelona; guest professor in the M.A. in Gender Studies at the Universidad de Chile and at in the MUECA M.A. (UMH); and also participates in the FIC research group (Fractalities and Critical Research) at the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

“Estão tratando as mudanças climáticas como quem cuida de um corte grande e profundo só com um Band-Aid”:  Uma entrevista com Alana Manchineri

English version: ‘The climate change situation is being handled like treating a large, deep cut with a Band-Aid: An interview with Alana Manchineri’

Quem diz isso é a Alana Manchineri, gerente de comunicação da Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira (COIAB). Tive a oportunidade de conhecê-la em julho de 2022, na Costa Rica. Ela acompanhava a parente Marciely Ayap Tupari enorme evento de tecnologia e direitos humanos, o Rightscon. 

Era de manhã cedinho. Alana sentou-se ao meu lado, na plateia. Com o celular em punho e animada, buscava o melhor ângulo para registrar a colega. Eu abri caminho: mulheres indígenas trabalhando. A fala de Marciely foi tão potente que logo eu também estava com o celular na mão, registrando e postando. A intervenção inspirou e terminou com todas as pessoas presentes retratadas em uma foto-protesto contra a aprovação do Marco Temporal no Brasil1.

Foto no rightscon contra marco temporal
Foto no rightscon contra marco temporal

Logo depois, ainda estivemos juntas na imersão do Green Screen, evento sobre tecnologias e mudanças climáticas que inspirou essa edição da Branch Magazine. Alana mora em Manaus, cidade cercada pela Floresta Amazônica, onde o Rio Negro se junta ao Solimões para desaguar no Rio Amazonas. Eu moro no Rio de Janeiro, cidade densamente povoada entre o mar e os morros cobertos de concreto e Mata Atlântica. Depois desses encontros na Costa Rica, mesmo a distância, tive a honra de entrevistá-la. Para a conversa, trago minha trajetória pesquisadora e ativista que tenta levar uma visão feminista e decolonial para o debate sobre direitos humanos e tecnologias. Muito me move poder ouvir mulheres inspiradoras que, no dia a dia, usam a criatividade e a força do coletivo para hackear violências coloniais e fortalecer modos de vida alternativos, contemporâneos e ancestrais. Esta entrevista tenta inspirar você também, pois ao registrar um pouco da visão da Alana e do trabalho coletivo da COIAB, podemos perceber melhor como o debate sobre mudanças climáticas e tecnologia só atingirá futuros realmente sustentáveis e equitativos se reconhecer a luta e assegurar os direitos de povos indígenas e a proteção de seus territórios. 

Joana: Alana, poderia contar para a gente sobre a missão da COIAB, e, mais especificamente, qual o seu trabalho por lá, situando pro pessoal de fora o contexto político brasileiro?

Alana: A COIAB foi fundada no dia 19 de abril de 1989, após a Constituinte2. Ela tem um papel bastante relevante nos territórios [indígenas] de ação política para a proteção da Amazônia. Sabia que o Brasil e o Peru são os dois países com o maior índice de violência contra os povos indígenas, de desmatamento e de degradação da floresta e dos biomas? Nesse contexto, a COIAB atua nos nove estados da Amazônia brasileira, [que é] toda a Amazônia Legal3. Nós a dividimos em 64 regiões de base, o que mostra um pouco da diversidade territorial e de povos indígenas dentro do território regional da Amazônia. 

Isso também se reflete na nossa coordenação executiva, eleita no ano passado. Ela é composta pelo coordenador geral Toya Manchineri, do Estado do Acre;  pelo vice-coordenador Alcebias Sapará, de Roraima; pelo coordenador tesoureiro, Avanilson Karajá, do Tocantins; pela coordenadora-secretária, Marciely Tupari, de Rondônia, que participou comigo do evento. E temos também o vice-coordenador secretário, Sergio Galibi-Marworno, que é do Amapá, e a vice-coordenadora tesoureira, a Dineva Kayabi do Mato Grosso. Então, a gente tem boa parte de toda a Amazônia brasileira representada na nossa coordenação executiva.

Hoje, temos uma estrutura que abrange projetos de grandes proporções. Na época da pandemia, a gente teve um orçamento maior do que o de muitos municípios do Brasil. Então, a gente tem um papel extremamente relevante na Amazônia brasileira. Nós fundamos o fundo Podáali, que é um fundo indígena para captação e redistribuição de recursos aos povos, organizações e comunidades da região. Também fazemos parte da UMIAB, a União das Mulheres Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira. Então, [dá para ver que] a gente opera de maneira bem diversa. E atuamos em seis eixos: povos isolados, de recente contato; gênero, juventude e infância indígena na Amazônia; formação política e técnica; fortalecimento institucional das organizações e suas bases, dentre outros.

Com essa estrutura, hoje a COIAB é referência na Amazônia brasileira. Inclusive na comunicação, porque nós somos a única organização regional que possui uma rede de comunicadores [oriundos] dos nove estados da Amazônia brasileira. Então, a gente também cuida para que essa comunicação seja democrática e ampla para todas as nossas regionais.

Joana: O seu trabalho se insere na gerência de comunicação, né? Explica para gente um pouco o que você faz conectando tantos pontos dessa rede regionalmente tão ampla que é a COIAB…

Alana: Eu gerencio uma equipe de sete pessoas, mais nove comunicadores, um de cada estado da Amazônia, que são indicações das organizações de base. Em 2022, nós fizemos um planejamento aqui em Manaus com as lideranças dessas organizações, para que elas pontuassem quais eram as metas que elas queriam que a COIAB tivesse. Assim, agora temos esse plano de comunicação, o planejamento estratégico da COIAB, além das demandas diárias de denúncia de violações. Eu faço a gestão desses conteúdos e da programação institucional. E hoje temos pelo menos 30 projetos institucionais. Também fazemos a cobertura e gestão de comunicação dentro desses projetos, a assessoria de imprensa nacional e internacional e ainda uma orientação para as lideranças de base. Por exemplo, quando uma liderança de base vai para algum evento nacional ou internacional, nós a orientamos conforme os posicionamentos coletivos da COIAB. Foi por isso que fui junto com a Marciely para Costa Rica. 

Joana: É incrível, de verdade, o quão conectada com todo o território da Amazônia Legal é a COIAB. Isso em um espaço territorial onde as extensões e distâncias são longas, a comunicação é complexa e a variedade linguística abundante. Impressionante também ver como vocês mantêm processos coletivos no centro de tudo e como montaram uma organização institucional tão estruturada. Agora que deu para entender um pouco do seu trabalho e da COIAB, queria entrar mais no tema da tecnologia. Queria que você falasse sobre a visão que vocês têm quanto à atuação no território amazônico de algumas das chamadas BigTechs, as grandes empresas de tecnologia, como a Starlink e o Google, e como isso afeta a luta dos povos indígenas na região.

Alana: Essas empresas utilizam conhecimento extraído dos nossos territórios, das comunidades tradicionais. As fibras óticas seguem uma ideia de rede, algo que a gente pode muito bem comparar com as redes que são formadas pelas raízes e com como essas raízes se conectam, não é? Elas trazem um pouco desse modo de conectar uma árvore com a outra: [são como] um ecossistema, [como os] biomas. A gente entende dessas diferentes estruturas de comunicação há muito tempo, mas isso não é reconhecido. É como se, de maneira racista, considerem que nossos conhecimentos são ultrapassados, mas a verdade é que são conhecimentos valiosos. Por que a mesma coisa, quando colocada por uma pessoa não indígena, por uma empresa, por uma família rica, por uma família bilionária, é vista como algo super valioso? Quando é pela gente, não é assim. Para nós, isso é exploração, seja do conhecimento, seja de matéria-prima. É exploração mesmo, até dos nossos próprios corpos.

Além disso, a gente tende a falar sobre a comunicação como um direito. A gente entende que as violações dos nossos direitos, tanto nos territórios, quanto nas cidades, só acabam ou diminuem se a gente conseguir fazer uma boa divulgação, se a gente conseguir denunciar, comunicar. Por isso, o que a gente tem fortalecido é o acesso a esses direitos pelas comunidades, seja pela telefonia, seja pela internet. Mas o que a gente entende é que essas grandes empresas já fazem o debate há muito tempo, ocupando espaços estratégicos de um jeito que a gente às vezes nem tem dimensão. Um exemplo é a gente estar discutindo, nesse primeiro momento, o acesso a essas tecnologias, enquanto os grileiros, fazendeiros e mineradores já têm conectividade há muito tempo4, e utilizam essas tecnologias para aplicar nas redes sociais a narrativa particular deles, com uma visão de desenvolvimento que na verdade gera destruição e invasão. A COIAB entende que, enquanto a gente não tiver poder sobre essas tecnologias, continuaremos reféns da violência e do colonialismo, seja tecnológico, seja físico. Porque, para nós, povos indígenas, sempre é muito mais difícil acessar esse tipo de direitos. 

Para nós, é importante ter acesso a essas tecnologias de acordo com os nossos protocolos de consulta, de acordo com os nossos entendimentos, de acordo com as nossas perspectivas de vida dentro do território. E é importante também que a gente consiga pautar o Estado e essas grandes empresas sobre a origem dos recursos minerais para o desenvolvimento dessas tecnologias. Qual é o papel social dessas tecnologias e dessas grandes empresas? Elas buscam sempre o lucro; mas nós, povos indígenas, ao acessar essas tecnologias, estamos buscando a sobrevivência, a manutenção dos nossos modos tradicionais de vida, do nosso território, das florestas. Nós percebemos o racismo tecnológico que existe no acesso ou na falta de acesso às tecnologias dessas empresas. A gente vê que enquanto houver essa desigualdade [de acesso às tecnologias de comunicação], estaremos sempre do lado mais frágil, que é o lado das pessoas afetadas, que não utilizam o monitoramento para a violência, mas, sim, para a proteção dos territórios.

Joana: No encontro da Green Screen, vocês chegaram a mencionar uma outra forma de colonialismo exercida pelas grandes empresas estrangeiras de tecnologia: o mapeamento pelo Google de informações sobre as árvores dos territórios. Poderia contar  o que vocês têm visto sobre isso?

Alana: É, a coordenadora Marciely trouxe essa denúncia de que em alguns lugares estão acontecendo mapeamentos das árvores pelo Google. Algumas empresas querem fazer crédito de carbono, contrato de crédito de carbono. Parece que essas empresas estão utilizando a internet para fazer o mapeamento dessas árvores e calcular o potencial de carbono aprisionado nessas árvores. Essas são algumas denúncias que temos recebido das bases na COIAB e tentado entender. Porque, como organização que atua em toda uma região, podemos gerar um entendimento coletivo, trocando com as nossas organizações de base, com as lideranças, para que toda essa informação seja de fato revelada e todo mundo consiga ter acesso a ela.

Joana: Tem gente que, operando sob uma lógica de monetização da natureza, a lógica dos créditos de carbono e da economia verde, vai achar que isso não é um problema ou que seria bom fazer esse tipo monitoramento. Como vocês veem isso? Porque essas empresas se vendem como salvadoras, vendendo a narrativa de que estão empregando tecnologias para salvar o planeta das mudanças climáticas. Tentam justificar, assim, virem mapear quantas árvores os territórios têm, para saber o quanto podem lucrar com créditos de carbono. É uma narrativa de comercialização da natureza, seria importante se você puder complementar trazendo seu posicionamento crítico sobre isso. 

Alana: É, de fato, o nosso entendimento é crítico. Essas empresas têm tratado a situação das mudanças climáticas como quem trata um corte grande e profundo só com um Band-Aid. Na verdade, são elas que causam esses desequilíbrios. Como eu mencionei, de onde estão saindo os minérios utilizados por essas grandes empresas? De onde está saindo a madeira? De onde está saindo a água? Nesse encontro foi mencionado que o chatGPT utiliza uma grande quantidade de água. De onde estão saindo esses recursos senão dos territórios da floresta? A gente vê, por exemplo, como essas grandes empresas tecnológicas têm percebido que o aporte financeiro para deputados que são contra as pautas ambientais e contra os povos indígenas dá retorno para eles. Porque, quando não se tem um Estado com poder de legislação e de fiscalização forte, essas empresas invadem os territórios sem serem responsabilizadas. Há quanto tempo está sem solução o caso de Mariana5? Quantos outros casos há de empresas que fazem exploração dentro de espaços da União ou de territórios indígenas que não são responsabilizadas por seus atos? Essas empresas estão sempre buscando capitalizar algo. Num momento, é capitalizar o território, em outro momento, é o ar, o espaço aéreo, ou o que a gente está produzindo, de conhecimento milenar e ancestral dentro dos territórios. É a forma de capitalizar tudo o que se vê pela frente e a perder de vista. Acho que as empresas estão tentando hoje simplesmente apagar um incêndio que elas mesmas causam.

Joana: Como a COIAB mesmo diz, “os povos indígenas são as grandes autoridades do clima”, né? São séculos de conquistas e batalhas na luta pela proteção de territórios, da cultura tradicional, da biodiversidade e das próprias vidas; séculos na luta contra o genocídio de parentes, contra a exploração causada pela mineração, pelo desmatamento ilegal e pelo roubo do conhecimento tradicional. Essas violências hoje também estão sendo habilitadas pelo uso de tecnologias concebidas sob a lógica do capitalismo da vigilância e do colonialismo digital. Diante do contexto histórico dessas lutas, e do colapso iminente da crise climática, como você acha que as organizações e movimentos que trabalham nesse campo de intersecção entre tecnologia e direitos humanos podem colaborar de maneira respeitosa com as lutas dos povos indígenas?

Alana: Eu entendo que essas organizações que fazem esse debate a respeito da tecnologia [e dos direitos humanos] precisam ajudar a democratizar o acesso a informações. Eu entendo que existe um fluxo muito grande de informações sobre essa área entre São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Esses estados do Sudeste, talvez por estarem mais perto dessas grandes empresas, têm mais acesso a esse tipo de informação. Já a gente, que está bem aqui na Amazônia, bem onde estão acontecendo várias violações, não: porque, ou a gente faz a denúncia sobre a violência que acontece com os Yanomami, ou a gente para para ler sobre o domínio tecnológico, sobre governança da tecnologia. Por exemplo, agora eu estou participando dessa entrevista, que é super importante para nós, mas aconteceu o assassinato de um Yanomami lá no território de Roraima. Então, a comunicação da COIAB toda se volta para isso, para essa questão urgente. Nós costumávamos dizer que durante o governo Bolsonaro tinha toda hora uma emergência, uma emergência indígena. Mas a gente ainda continua sofrendo com a perspectiva do fascismo, né? Existe uma estratégia de manipulação das massas, porque, enquanto estamos buscando proteger os territórios (no ditado popular, “apagar o fogo”), eles estão “fazendo a boiada passar”, né? O próprio Ricardo Salles6 falou isso no ano passado. “Vamos aproveitar que eles estão distraídos e vamos “passar a boiada”. E, basicamente, é o que a gente tem sentido. O Marco Temporal passou na Câmara Federal. E antes disso estava acontecendo a CPI do MST7. Aí passa o Marco Temporal para ser debatido no Senado e depois vem a tese temporal no Supremo Tribunal Federal. Aí vem a MP 11548, depois a CPI das ONGs9. Então, é uma estratégia, muito desenhada, de como manter a gente ocupada, para não conseguirmos acessar e garantir nossas perspectivas nesses outros espaços também. Por mais que a gente esteja vivendo um governo de composição com a esquerda, vivemos a questão do fascismo muito grande: o fascismo do capital acima de tudo10, acima da vida, acima das vidas humanas. 

Eu acho que o que converge entre nós é o direito, o direto ao acesso de forma universal. E entendemos ser necessário se apoiar: uma organização apoia a outra. A gente está nessas pautas urgentes o tempo todo, enquanto outras organizações  focam muito mais no acompanhamento das tecnologias. O que a gente tem feito, na condição de organização indígena, é se aliar a essas organizações que fazem esse tipo de ação. A gente tem várias parcerias, e elas vão cobrindo a nossa falta. E, quando surge um momento para a gente se unir, a gente vai se unindo, vai buscando se apoiar uns aos outros.

Joana: Sim, mesmo é fundamental a troca de informação e as alianças inclusive para colaborar para que mais representantes dos movimentos indígenas possam também ocupar espaços de poder e de tomada de decisão nos debates sobre tecnologia. Alguma observação final que você queira fazer?

Alana: Precisamos continuar fortalecendo essas organizações indígenas, quilombolas, ribeirinhas. Quando a democracia no Brasil foi subjugada, foi preciso que os movimentos sociais estivessem extremamente fortalecidos para poder ter impacto contra o fascismo. Eu costumo dizer que talvez um dos únicos movimentos que tiveram grande impacto no momento em que Bolsonaro estava tentando avançar com pautas fascistas e contra a proteção da Amazônia foi o movimento indígena. Mesmo sem ter parlamentar, sem ter muito dinheiro, sem ter um governo, durante um governo de extrema direita, o movimento indígena conseguiu ter um impacto. E eu acho que mesmo com a gestão do Lula, a gente não pode descansar. Sim, eu sei que esse é um momento que todo mundo pensa que seria tranquilo, que a gente iria aproveitar um pouco para viver, porque a gente passou por uma pandemia maluca. Mas talvez esse seja o momento que precisamos ficar mais vigilantes, porque três anos passam muito rápido. Com o Bolsonaro até pareceu que demorou mais, porque ele realmente é um genocida fascista. Mas três anos vão passar muito rápido, numa perspectiva de movimento social que precisa se fortalecer por muito, muito tempo. E eu costumo sempre dizer que acho que essas tecnologias também precisam ser usadas para impulsionar as ações para [uma maior] ocupação [indígena] no Legislativo. Ter deputados e deputadas que são a favor das nossas pautas é extremamente relevante.

A gente corre o risco de ter várias deputadas cassadas11, porque, se a oposição quiser, eles têm votos suficientes para fazer a cassação dessas pessoas e também para passar qualquer coisa. Hoje, se a gente não tiver uma gestão que faça composição com esses partidos, com muita facilidade eles poderiam também pedir um impeachment, né? Por muito menos, a Dilma foi “impichada”. A gente entende a gravidade do que estamos vivendo, e o quanto que talvez esse posicionamento sobre as tecnologias seja importante para a eleição dessas pessoas que representam de fato a gente. Eu entendo e acompanho a eleição desde muito tempo. O quanto esses grandes fazendeiros impulsionam, dão dinheiro e gastam com tecnologia para essas pessoas serem reeleitas, para terem o melhor slogan, a melhor identidade visual. Tem pessoas pagas para disparar mensagens. Então, acho que talvez a gente tenha que se aproximar também dessa pauta de formação política e de financiamento de campanha, porque hoje ele já é feito para esses que são ruins. A gente precisa pensar estratégias para que as pessoas que realmente representam a população consigam acessar essas informações, consigam ter acesso a essas tecnologias, também para ajudar na eleição.

Joana: Muito interessante que a violência política de gênero e as estratégias de comunicação e tratamento de dados nos meios digitais apareceram aqui nas suas sugestões de intersecções das agendas dos movimentos. Diante do crescimento da ultra direita no mundo, é um ponto chave mesmo. Obrigada, Alana, muito grata pelo seu tempo e pela partilha. Seguimos!


Alana Manchineri é gerente de comunicação da Coordenação das Organizações Indígenas da Amazônia Brasileira (COIAB)

Joana Varon é Diretora Executiva da Coding Rights e pesquisadora afiliada do Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society da Havard Law School


Notas al pie

  1. A tese do Marco Temporal está por ter sua constitucionalidade apreciada em votação no Supremo Tribunal Federal. É uma tese jurídica e política que limita os direitos de povos indígenas ao querer estabelecer que o direito à terra fica restrito apenas aos indígenas que a ocupavam em 1988, quando foi promulgada a Constituição. Trata-se de uma violação a um direito originário. ↩︎
  2. Constituinte diz respeito ao Congresso Nacional Constituinte, estabelecido em 1987, depois de 21 anos de ditadura militar, com o finalidade de redatar uma Constituição democrática para o país. O texto, vigente até hoje, foi promulgado em 1988 e deve forte atuação de lideranças indígenas que asseguram, ainda que no papel, e o direito originário de povos indígenas sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam. ↩︎
  3. Amazônia Legal compreende uma área de mais de 5 milhões de quilômetro quadrados, mais de 59% do território brasileiro, abarcando nove estados: Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins e parte do Maranhão. ↩︎
  4. Em junho de 2023, o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (Ibama) apreendeu 11 kits da Starlink em áreas de garimpo ilegal na terra indígena Yanomami, juntamente com armas e motoserras. No mesmo mês, o governo do Amazonas se queixou dos investimentos de Musk na Amazônia Legal e desabafou: “A internet que ele começou a colocar na Amazônia nunca esteve conectada às políticas públicas. Resultado: traficante, grileiro e criminosos têm a antena do Elon Musk, mas a comunidade mais simples, lá do interior, não tem acesso”.  O Ibama tem estudado, juntamente com outros órgãos, bloquear o sinal da Starlink em áreas de mineração ilegal. ↩︎
  5. Mariana é um distrito de Minas Gerais, na região Sudeste do Brasil, onde, em 2015, se rompeu a barragem do Fundão, usada pela Mineradora Samarco para depositar rejeitos tóxicos de minério de ferro. A lama tóxica percorreu, através do Rio Doce, mais de 600km até chegar ao oceano Atlântico, atingindo 41 cidades da região e territórios indígenas, no que é considerado um dos maiores crimes ambientais do Brasil. Em 2019 foi a barragem da Mina do Córrego do Feijão, da Mineradora Vale, localizada em Brumadinho, também em Minas Gerais, que se rompeu, causando mais mortes e destruição criminosa. Tanto a Vale, quanto a Samarco exportam minérios para países da Europa e China, onde são manufaturados eletrônicos usados em todo o mundo.
    ↩︎
  6. Ricardo Salles foi Ministro do Meio Ambiente da gestão Bolsonaro e ficou conhecido por, entre outras atrocidades, no meio do auge da crise humanitária da pandemia da COVID-19, dizer em uma reunião governamental que era a hora de “fazer a boiada passar”, fazendo referência a sua vontade de mudar rapidamente regras de proteção ambiental enquanto, segundo ele, a atenção da mídia estava voltada para a pandemia. ↩︎
  7. Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito (CPI) contra o Movimento dos Sem Terra, que ocupa áreas improdutivas e sem função social em diversas regiões do país. Foi instaurada em abril de 2023 por deputados de oposição, em sua maioria da bancada ruralista, e é presidida por Ricardo Salles.eção ambiental enquanto, segundo ele, a atenção da mídia estava voltada para a pandemia. ↩︎
  8. Medida Provisória que reestruturou ministérios, inclusive prevendo a criação do Ministério de Povos Indígenas. ↩︎
  9. Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito estabelecida por senadores da oposição para investigar ONGs que atuam na região amazônica sob a narrativa descabida de que tais organizações operam apenas para difamar a imagem do Brasil e da Amazônia. A CPI tem sido vista como uma forma de desviar a atenção de questões como o enfraquecimento de estruturas de fiscalização e combate ao desmatamento e às invasões de terras indígenas; criminalizar ONGs e atacar quem trabalha na defesa da Amazônia e dos povos que ocupam este território. ↩︎
  10. O slogan eleitoral “Brasil acima de tudo, deus acima de todos” pelo qual Bolsonaro foi eleito em 2018, foi inspirado no dito nazista Deutschland über alles, e seguiu sendo utilizado durante a gestão do hoje inelegível ex-presidente. ↩︎
  11. Em junho de 2023, seis deputadas federais de partidos de esquerda, Célia Xakriabá, Sâmia Bomfim, Talíria Petrone, Erika Kokay, Fernanda Melchionna e Juliana Cardoso, viraram alvo de processo no Conselho de Ética da Câmara por protestarem contra parlamentares que votaram a favor do Marco Temporal para a demarcação de terras indígenas. A representação foi instaurada por deputado do PL, partido de extrema direita, alvejando apenas mulheres, ainda que outros deputados também tenham protestado. ↩︎

‘The climate change situation is being handled like treating a large, deep cut with a Band-Aid’: An interview with Alana Manchineri

Versão em português: “Estão tratando as mudanças climáticas como quem cuida de um corte grande e profundo só com um Band-Aid”:  Uma entrevista com Alana Manchineri

So says Alana Manchineri, communications manager at the Coordination of Indigenous Organizations of the Brazilian Amazon (COIAB). I had the opportunity to meet her in July 2022, in Costa Rica. She was with her kin, Marciely Ayap Tupari, at the tech and human rights event, RightsCon. It was early in the morning, and Alana sat next to me in the audience. Attentive, holding her smartphone, she was searching for the best angle to capture her colleague. Marciely’s speech was so powerful that soon I too had my smartphone at hand, recording and posting. Her inspiring intervention ended with the entire audience joining her for a photo protest against the Marco Temporal in Brazil 1.

Alana lives in Manaus, in north Brazil, which has a population density of around 181 inhabitants per square kilometer. The city is surrounded by the Amazon rainforest, on the banks of the Negro River, which joins the Solimões River in the east of the city, in a watery encounter that flows into the Amazon River, the largest in the world. I live by the sea, in the south-east region of the country, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where we have 5,174.77 inhabitants per square kilometer, densely compressed between the ocean and the Mata Atlântica. After attending the same meetings in Costa Rica, and being inspired by her strength and the reach of COIAB to constantly hack colonial violences and protect Indigenous contemporary and ancestral ways of life, I had the pleasure to interview her. To that conversation, I bring my trajectory as a geek and queer researcher and activist who tries to contribute with a feminist and decolonial vision to the debate on human rights and technologies. Our lived experiences and territorialities are present in the dialogue that follows. By sharing Alana’s views and the collective work of COIAB, we wish to inspire the understanding that debates on climate change and technology can only lead us to sustainable and desirable futures if they entangle radical consideration about Indigenous rights and territories.

Joana: Alana, could you tell us about COIAB’s mission, and more specifically what your work there is, situating the Brazilian political context for the people from overseas?

Alana: COIAB was founded on April 19, 1989, after the Constituent Assembly2. It plays a very important role in the Indigenous territories in terms of political action for the protection of the Amazon. Did you know that the two countries with the highest rates of violence against Indigenous peoples, deforestation and degradation of the forest and biomes are Brazil and Peru? In this context, COIAB operates in the nine states of the Brazilian Amazon, which means the entire Legal Amazon3. We have divided it into 64 base regions, which indicates the diversity of territories and Indigenous peoples within the regional territory of the Amazon.

This is also mirrored in our executive coordination, elected last year. It is composed of the general coordinator Toya Manchineri, from the state of Acre; the vice-coordinator Alcebias Sapará, from Roraima; the treasurer coordinator, Avanilson Karajá, from Tocantins; and the secretary-coordinator, Marciely Tupari, from Rondônia, who attended the event with me. And we also have the deputy secretary-coordinator, Sergio Galibi-Marworno, who is from Amapá, and the deputy treasurer-coordinator, Dineva Kayabi from Mato Grosso. So, we have a large part of the entire Brazilian Amazon represented in our executive coordination.

Today, we have a structure that covers large-scale projects. During the Covid-19 pandemic, we had a budget higher than that of many municipalities in Brazil. We have an extremely relevant role in the Brazilian Amazon. We even founded the Podáali fund, an Indigenous fund for raising and redistributing resources to peoples, organizations, and communities in the region. We are also part of UMIAB, the Union of Indigenous Women of the Brazilian Amazon. So, we operate in a very diversified way. We have six main areas of activity: isolated and recently contacted communities; gender, youth, and Indigenous childhood in the Amazon; political and technical training; institutional strengthening of our local organizations, among others.

With this structure, today COIAB is a reference in the Brazilian Amazon. We are also recognised in terms of our communication strategies, because we are the only regional organization that has a network of communicators from all nine states of the Brazilian Amazon. We ensure that this communication is democratic and includes all our regions.

Joana: Tell us a little bit about your work, about what you do as the communication manager of this regionally spread network.

Alana: I manage a team of seven people, plus nine communicators, one from each state in the Amazon, who are nominated by the local organizations that compose COIAB. In 2022, we started a planning process here in Manaus with the leadership of these organizations, so that they could identify the goals they wanted COIAB to have. We now have this communication plan to implement COIAB’s strategic planning, besides the unplanned daily demands that arise for reporting rights violations. So part of my work is to manage this content production and all the institutional communication. Today, we have at least 30 institutional projects, and we cover the communication of all these projects too. We also handle national and international press relations, and provide communication guidance for the organizational leadership. For example, when a leadership attends a national or international event, we guide them according to COIAB’s collective positions. That’s why I went with Marciely to Costa Rica.

Joana: It is truly amazing how connected COIAB is with the entire expanse of the Legal Amazon, especially where distances are so long, communication is complex and linguistic variety is abundant. It is also impressive to see how you keep collective processes at the heart of everything and have set up such a structured organization. Now that we have understood a bit about your work and COIAB, I want to dive more into the topic of technology. I would like you to talk about your vision regarding the operations in the Amazon territory of some of the so-called Big Tech companies, such as Starlink and Google, and how this affects the struggle of Indigenous peoples in the region.

Alana: These companies use knowledge extracted from our territories, from traditional communities. For instance, optical fibers, which are used for connectivity, can be compared with the networks formed by roots and how these roots connect with each other in a network, right? They bring a little bit of this way of connecting one tree to another: they are like an ecosystem, like biomes. We, Indigenous people, have observed, understood and been knowledgeable of such communication structures for a long time, but this knowledge is not recognized. It is as if, racistly, they consider our knowledge outdated, but the truth is that it is valuable knowledge. Why is it that the same thing, when presented by a non-indigenous person, by a company, by a rich family, by a billionaire family, is seen as valuable? When it is by us, it is not like that. For us, this is exploitation – whether of knowledge or raw materials. It is exploitation indeed, even of our own bodies.

But to go beyond: we tend to talk about communication as a right. We understand that violations of our rights, both in the territories and in the cities, only cease or diminish if we are able to communicate widely and if we can denounce. Therefore, we have been trying to strengthen the right to communication and connectivity in the communities, either by telephone or by the Internet. But we are aware that these big companies have been debating this for a long time, occupying strategic spaces in a way that we sometimes don’t even realize. An example is that whereas we are discussing access to these technologies, the land grabbers, farmers and miners have had connectivity for a long time4. They use these technologies to spread their narrative on social networks, with an approach to the idea of development that actually generates more destruction and invasion. COIAB’s collective vision is that we need to have power over these technologies, else we will continue to be held hostage by violence and colonialism, both technological and physical. 

Another aspect is that it is important for us to have access to these technologies according to our consultation protocols, our understandings, and our perspectives of life within the territory. It is also important that we succeed in setting the agenda for the state and these large companies on the origin of the mineral resources used in these technologies. What is the social role of these technologies and these large companies? They seek profit. But we, Indigenous peoples, when accessing these technologies, are pursuing survival, the maintenance of our traditional ways of life, the maintenance of our territory, of the forests. We are aware of the technological racism that persists in the access or lack of access to these companies’ technologies. We see that as long as there is this inequality of access, we will always be on the weaker side, which is the side of the people affected, who do not use monitoring for violence, but rather for the protection of territories.

Joana: At the meetings in Costa Rica, you also mentioned another form of colonialism by large foreign tech companies: Google’s mapping of information about trees in our territories. Could you tell us what you have noticed about this?

Alana: Yeah, Marciely reported that in some places Google is mapping trees, and it seems that tech companies are using these maps to estimate the potential carbon the trees store in order to have carbon credit, carbon credit contracts. These are some of the complaints we’ve been receiving from some of the local organizations that compose COIAB and which we are trying to understand. As an organization that operates across the entire Legal Amazon region, we can generate a collective understanding by exchanging information with our local organizations and their leadership so that all this information is effectively displayed and everyone can have access to it.

Joana: Alana, there might be a few people who, by operating under the logic of the monetization of nature, of carbon credits and the green economy, will think that this is not a problem or that it would be good to do this kind of mapping. So it would be good to clarify: how do you see it? Because these companies sell themselves as saviors by peddling the narrative that they are employing technologies to save the planet from climate change. They map the trees the territories have, to find out how much they can profit from carbon credits. It is important to hear your position against this narrative of the commercialization of nature.

Alana: Indeed, our understanding is critical. These companies have been handling the climate change situation like treating a big, deep cut with a Band-Aid. In fact, they are the ones causing these imbalances. As I mentioned, where are the minerals used by these big companies coming from? Where is the wood coming from? Where is the water coming from? In this meeting we attended, it was mentioned that ChatGPT uses a lot of water. Where are these resources coming from if not from the forest territories? We have noticed, for example, how these large companies have realized that financial contributions to members of the legislature who are against environmental agendas and Indigenous peoples pays off for them. Without a state with strong legislation and oversight powers, these companies encroach on territories and are not held accountable. How long has the Mariana case5remained unsolved? How many other companies are exploiting federal lands or Indigenous territories and are not being held accountable for their actions? These companies are always looking to capitalize on something. At one moment, it is capitalizing on the territory. At another moment, it is the air, the airspace, or what our people are producing – millenary and ancestral knowledge within the territories. It means capitalizing on everything you see in front of you and out of sight. I think companies are now simply trying to put out a fire that they themselves are fanning.

Joana: According to COIAB positionings, ‘Indigenous peoples are the great authorities on climate’. Indeed, it’s been centuries of accomplishments and battles in the struggle to protect territories, traditional culture, biodiversity, and lives; centuries of struggle against the genocide of kin, against exploitation caused by mining, by illegal deforestation, and by the plundering of traditional knowledge. These expressions of violence today are also being enabled by the use of technologies conceived under the logic of surveillance capitalism and digital colonialism. Given the historical context of these struggles and the imminent breakdown of the climate crisis, how do you think organizations and movements working in the intersection between technology and human rights can collaborate respectfully with the struggles of Indigenous peoples.

Alana: I understand that organizations that are debating technology and human rights need to help democratize access to information. I know there is a lot of information about this issue circulating in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, in the south-east of the country. Perhaps because they are business centers where these tech companies have offices, so there is more access to this kind of information. On the other hand, we, who are right here in the Amazon, right where violations are happening, don’t have access to it. We are forced to choose between focus points. Either we report and denounce the violence that is happening to the Yanomami people, or we read about the technological issues, about technology governance. For example, I am participating in this interview with you, which is very important for us, but also today a Yanomami person was murdered in the territory of Roraima. Then, COIAB’s whole communication team need to focus on this, on this urgent issue. We used to say that during the Bolsonaro government there was always an emergency, an Indigenous emergency. But even though he is not the president anymore, fascism remains a threat, right? The strategy of mass manipulation continues. Because while we are trying to protect our territories (in the popular saying, ‘put out the fire’), they are ‘running the cattle herd,’ right? Ricardo Salles6 himself said this last year: ‘Let’s take advantage of the fact that they are distracted, and let’s “pass the cattle.”’ That’s what we’ve been dealing with. The Federal Chamber of Deputies approved the Marco Temporal, which is to be debated in the Senate – its constitutionality is being debated right now in the Federal Supreme Court. And before that, the CPI of the MST was happening7. Then comes the Provisional Measure 11548, then the CPI on NGOs9. So, it is a very elaborate strategy of keeping us busy, so we cannot access and ensure our perspectives feature in these other spaces as well. Although we are living under a leftist government, we still face a huge challenge related to fascism: the one of capital above all else, above life, above human lives10.

I think what converges between us is the perspective on rights, the right to universal access. And we understand that it is necessary to support each other: one organization helps the other. We are permanently involved in these urgent agendas, while other organizations focus much more on monitoring technologies. What we have done, as an Indigenous organization, is to ally ourselves with organizations that do this type of action. We have several partnerships, and they are covering for us. And, when the time comes for us to come together, we do so, seeking to support each other.

Joana: Indeed, information exchange and alliances sound essential for the attempt to change the status quo by collaborating to open up space for Indigenous movements to occupy power and decision-making in technology debates. Powerful. Any final comments you would like to share?

Alana: We need to keep strengthening these Indigenous, quilombola and riverine organizations. When Brazilian democracy was threatened, social movements needed to be extremely strong to have any impact against fascism. I often say that the Indigenous movement was one of the only movements that managed to make a great impact at the time when Bolsonaro was attempting to advance his fascist agenda and erode protections of the Amazon forest. Despite not having a representative in the federal legislative houses, not having much money, and under a far right government, the Indigenous movement succeeded in having an impact. And I think that even with Lula’s administration, we cannot rest. Yes, I know this is a time everyone thought would be peaceful, when we would enjoy life a little bit because we went through a crazy pandemic. But maybe this is the time we need to be the most vigilant because three years go by very quickly. With Bolsonaro, it felt like it lasted longer because he really is a genocidal fascist. But three years will go by very quickly considering a social movement that needs to strengthen itself for a long, long time. And I always say that communication technologies also need to be used to boost actions for a greater Indigenous presence in the legislature. Having representatives in the legislature who are in favor of our agendas is extremely relevant.

In fact, on this front, we still face a severe situation. Even after recently electing important representatives who support our causes, we risk having several of these deputies impeached because, if the opposition wants, they have enough votes to approve anything they want11. If we don’t have a government that compromises with these parties, they could easily ask for impeachment, couldn’t they? For much less, Dilma was impeached. We understand the seriousness of what we are experiencing and how important an approach to technologies may be for the election of people who really represent us. I have been following elections for a long time. How much money do big farmers spend on technology to boost their representatives’ re-election campaigns with the best slogan, the best visual identity? People are being paid to disseminate these messages widely. So, maybe we also have to approach the agenda of political training and campaign financing because, today, it is already designed for those who are bad. We need to think of strategies so that the people who really represent the population can access this information, can access these technologies to help in the election.

Joana: I find it especially interesting that gender-based political violence and communication strategies in digital media have appeared in your suggestions on the intersections between movement agendas. Faced with the growth of the far right in the world, it is a key point indeed. Thank you, Alana. Thank you very much for the trust and sharing. This was very inspiring!


Alana Manchineri is Communications Manager at the Coordination of Indigenous Organizations of the Brazilian Amazon (COIAB).

Joana Varon is the Coding Rights Executive Director and an affiliate researcher at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School.


Footnotes

  1. The Marco Temporal is a legal and political thesis that limits Indigenous peoples’ right to land. Under the Marco Temporal, Indigenous people can only claim a right to land if they occupied it in 1988, when the Constitution was promulgated. This is a violation of an original Right. Its constitutionality will be assessed by a vote in the Supreme Court on 30th August 2023. ↩︎
  2. The Constituent Assembly refers to the National Constituent Congress, established in 1987 after 21 years of military dictatorship, to draft a democratic constitution for the country. The text, which is still in force today, was promulgated in 1988 and was strongly supported by Indigenous leaders who ensured, albeit on paper, the original right of Indigenous peoples to the lands they traditionally occupy. ↩︎
  3. The Legal Amazon or Amazônia Legal covers an area of more than 5 million square kilometers, more than 59% of Brazil’s territory, encompassing nine federal states: Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and part of Maranhão. ↩︎
  4. In June 2023, the Brazilian Environmental Institute (Ibama) seized 11 Starlink kits in illegal mining areas in the Yanomami Indigenous land, along with weapons and chainsaws. During the same period, the Amazonas government complained about Musk’s investments in the Legal Amazon and stated: ‘The Internet that he started to put in the Amazon was never connected to public policies. The result: drug dealers, land grabbers, and criminals have Elon Musk’s antenna, but the communities have no access.’ Ibama has been studying, together with other agencies, how to block Starlink’s signal in illegal mining areas. ↩︎
  5. Mariana is a district of Minas Gerais in the southeast of Brazil, where in 2015 the Fundão tailings dam collapsed, used by the mining company Samarco to deposit iron ore tailings. The toxic sludge traveled more than 600km through the Rio Doce to reach the Atlantic Ocean, affecting 41 cities in the region and Indigenous territories. It is regarded as one of Brazil’s gravest environmental crimes. In 2019, Vale’s Córrego do Feijão mining dam in Brumadinho, also in Minas Gerais, broke, killing more people and criminally destroying the environment. Both Vale and Samarco export minerals to countries in Europe and China, where electronics used around the world are manufactured. ↩︎
  6. Ricardo Salles was Minister of the Environment under the Bolsonaro government and was known for, among other atrocities, saying at a government meeting in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic that it was time to ‘run the cattle herd,’ referring to his desire to quickly change environmental protection rules while the media’s attention was focused on the pandemic. ↩︎
  7. Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (CPI) against the Landless Workers’ Movement, which occupies lands that have been unproductive and with no social function in several regions of the country. It was set up in April 2023 by members of the federal legislature, mostly from the ruralista caucus. Ricardo Salles chairs it. ↩︎
  8. Provisional Measures that restructured ministries, including the creation of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples. ↩︎
  9. The Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry (CPI) was established by opposition senators to investigate NGOs involved in the Amazon region under the misguided narrative that such organizations operate only to defame the image of Brazil and the Amazon. The CPI has been seen as a way of diverting attention from issues such as the weakening of structures for monitoring and combating deforestation and invasions of Indigenous lands by criminalizing NGOs and attacking those who work to defend the Amazon and the peoples who occupy its territory. ↩︎
  10. The electoral slogan ‘Brazil above everything, God above all,’ under which Bolsonaro was elected in 2018 was inspired by the Nazi saying ‘Deutschland über alles’ and was used during his administration. The former president has since been barred from running for office until 2030. ↩︎
  11. In June 2023, six women parliamentarians from left wing parties, Célia Xakriabá, Sâmia Bomfim, Talíria Petrone, Érika Kokay, Fernanda Melchionna, and Juliana Cardoso, faced proceedings at the Ethics Council of the Chamber of Deputies for protesting against other parliamentarians who supported the Marco Temporal for the demarcation of Indigenous lands. The lawsuit was filed by a representative of a far right party, and targeted only women, although other parliamentarians also protested. ↩︎

Big Tech Goes Green(washing): Feminist Lenses to Unveil New Tools in the Master’s Houses

Drawn tantalum wire
Transactions by American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (1871). Source: Internet Archive

This article discusses the greenwashing of technology from a feminist perspective. It was initially published in Global Information Society Watch 2020: Technology, the environment and a sustainable world: Responses from the global South and edited for this magazine.

Posters, videos, speeches.

The word “forest” was displayed everywhere, together with sanitised stands and uniformly pruned plants, geometrically positioned while slowly wilting under an office light. These were attempts to represent “nature” at the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) at IFEMA – Feria de Madrid – which happened in December 2019 in a huge shed that looked like a technology fair. And tech was definitely there too, in different layers.

Among the so-called innovations to “combat climate change” there were hyperbolic ideas such as giant mirrors to reflect solar rays or some kind of vacuum cleaner to be positioned in space to aspirate carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere – all under the buzzword “geoengineering”.

Continue reading “Big Tech Goes Green(washing): Feminist Lenses to Unveil New Tools in the Master’s Houses”